Investigate homicide investigation in France - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk about the Investigatehomicideinvestigation in France. Answer: Presentation The O.J. Simpson murder case known as the People of the State of California v/s Orenthal James Simpson was a celebrated felonious claim held at the Los Angeles County Superior court. For this situation, the past National Football League (NFL) sports individual, anchorperson and entertainer Orenthal James O.J.Simpson was arbitrated for submitting two killings on June 12, 1994. He was asserted for killing his ex Nicole Brown Simpson and the server of the Mezzalua café Goldman. The case went on for 11 months beginning from November 9, 1994. Simpson was pronounced as commendable by the announcement on October 3, 1995. It was the most advanced felonious claim in the history. It is commonly known as The Lawsuit of the Century. Thereafter, the Brown and Goldman families enlisted a claim against Simpson. On February 4, 1997, he was seen as blameworthy of the two passings and the families were rewarded a measure of $33.5 million.This survey is about the significant parts of the claim and the deformities which were perceived in its assessment. Besides, suggestions have likewise been given to defeat these imperfections later on assessments. The effect of media on the consequence of this preliminary has likewise been examined in the accompanying sections. The key parts of the assessment associated with the claim In The Trial of the Century, the denounced O.J.Simpson was spoken to by a prominent gathering of guard lawyers known as the Dream Team. It was driven by Robert Shapiro and Johnnie Cochran. The extra lawyers were F. Lee Bailey,Alan Dershowitz,Robert Kardashian,Shawn Holley,Carl E. Douglas, andGerald Uelmen. Barry ScheckandPeter Neufeld were had practical experience in DNA proof. The claim went on for eleven months from November 9, 1994, to October 3, 1995. The initial decrees were made on January 24, 1995. The announcement was granted on October 3, 1995, when he was pronounced faultless for both the killings. After he was being cleared, there were no further detainments (CBS News, 2017). The murder of Nicole Brown and Ronald Goldman was claimed to have after 10.00 pm on June 12, 1994. It was uncovered by a neighbor following twelve in the night. The police were required an assessment of proof and to choose if the case merited analyzing and the records were unaffected. After examination, it was uncovered that his ex Brown was assaulted ordinarily on her head and neck and had guarding wounds on her hands. The losses were dead for around two hours before the assessment began. They likewise examined Kato Kaelin who was Simpsons companion and an on-screen character, remaining at his visitor house. Aside from different confirmations, the inspectors found a glove on the assessment spot and hair on it was like that of Goldmans. Simpson was absent at the hour of the examination. The examiners went to his home to illuminate him about his wifes murder. In transit back, they saw blood recolors over his Ford. At the point when the inspectors showed up at the spot in the first part of the day, he was absent. He had taken a trip to Chicago late night on the earlier day. Endless supply of the house, another blood recolored glove was discovered, which was same as the prior discovered glove. The blood on it was of the expired casualties.This was the conceivable purpose behind the capture warrant of Simpson. Other than this, the DNA of the blood on Simpsons socks in his room was that of Browns. The hair which was found on Goldmans shirt was like that of Simpsons. Dim blue cotton filaments were available on Goldman were like that of Simpsons shirt (Harris, 2013). Proof uncovered that he was asserted in 1989 for assaulting his significant other, so considering his savage nature, there was a chance of killing his better half. The size of the shoe engraves present on the site likewise looked like that of Simpsons (Moore, 2014). The imperfections in the assessment procedure of the wrongdoing, affecting its outcome In the O.J.Simpson case, sensible confirmations ought to have been given most extreme significance. It was demonstrated that DNA of the blood stains found at the site and on Simpsons vehicle were of Goldman,Brown and Simpson.So, it allowed the agents to proclaim him liable. The police pulled back themselves from the case by dealing with it clumsily (Fahsing, 2016). There were sure models where they botched the proof, for example, keeping the evidences of blood inside plastic as opposed to keeping in paper boxes, where they could fall apart. The blood tests were gathered after quite a while when the wrongdoing was commited. The police had not submitted them to the research facility following they were gathered from the site. These were a few outlines to show that the confirmations had been blundered by the police (Ladapo, 2017). The guard lawyers accepted that the blood tests social event and its assessment were botched so the adjusting couldn't be denied. Thus, the assessment of the DNA couldn't be acknowledged. The police expelled the stains from the fence , following fourteen days of the wrongdoing. The examination procedure for the OJ Simpson case was not methodical. It totally centered around him and no different suspects were analyzed (Kumar Goyal, 2017). An occurrence room which is utilized to look at the suspects was not utilized for this situation for the explanation that Simpson was the main suspect. The assessment of Simpson was a disappointment in light of the fact that the police didn't pose the necessary inquiries and any proof which could have been important to the case was overlooked. In view of absence of correspondence a significant evidence was lost. The prints of the bloodstained fingerprints were not gathered. It might sound ludicrous that a few individuals from the examination group didn't focus on different individuals guidance since they were less experienced (Fisher, 2012). Because of the impedance of the media, the group of Nicole Brown was secured with a sweeping which modified the proof and it couldn't be utilized to demonstrate anything against Simpson. The cameras were epitomized in the court. This brought about the case being manufactured and emotional. The glove which was questioned to be of Simpsons was acquainted in the court with give him a preliminary. It was unreasonably little for his hand, which allowed the lawyers a chance to demonstrate his guiltlessness. All the proof empowered the lawyers to demonstrate that he was not blameworthy of the homicide of his better half and her companion (Crime Museum, 2017). Techniques through which the nonsuccess of the assessment could have been survived and their avoidance later on assessments The examination procedure of the O. J. Simpson case featured the mistakes submitted by the police in its legal work and it was set as a rule under the watchful eye of the law organization. There were sure defects in the analytical methodology and it allowed the chance to the lawyers to demonstrate Simpsons blamelessness (Parrillo, 2017). Some of them are as per the following and there are sure recommendations to improve them later on assessments: Poor treatment of the confirmations by the Los Angeles police gives the exercise that appropriate procedures ought to be followed with respect to the verifications and genuine disclosures ought to be made before the jury. The proof ought not be defiled and ought to be safeguarded appropriately. At the point when Simpson was proclaimed honest of executing his better half and her companion, the Los Angeles Police Department rolled out specific improvements in its insightful area which was alluded to as a cesspool of tainting for imprudent treatment of confirmations. Another deformity, for this situation, was that the premise of verifications was not characterized and they couldnt be effectively followed. For instance, the police watched the blood-recolored pair of socks found in the Simpsons room, after two months, just when they were inspected at the wrongdoing research center. The scientific experts were affronted by poor pressing of evidences. The confirmations were left in an overheating van on a mid year day. Because of this, the police currently use standardized identifications to output and track them and the examination is all the more carefully constrained by appropriately prepared specialists. Last however not the least, the verifications which are gathered must be assessed cautiously under the steady gaze of introducing to the court. They should be arranged as skilled and inept which ought not be introduced before the jury. They ought to likewise have the option to interlink between the evidences (Burney Pemberton, 2013). Along these lines, assessment technique in any wrongdoing is pivotal and it ought to be dealt with wisely. The wrongdoing situations ought to be shielded and all the presumes must be analyzed. The evidences ought to be deliberately dealt with by experienced criminalists so the jury can settle on the correct choice (Abdollah, 2014). Impact of media on the result of the case The effect of media on any newsworthy occurrence can't be overlooked. It covers certain occasions, for example, superstar news, cataclysmic events, defilement and murder. The most notable case in this setting is the homicide preliminary of OJ Simpson (1994-95). Simpsons case was influenced by the mediation of media. It is portrayed as one of the most well known cases in American history. While the writers took the photos of the expired casualties and the cameras were typified in the court to communicate the case. It brought about the defilement and decimation of proof. The preliminary of OJ Simpson was associated with racial judgment against the blacks. Irrefutably, the spot of documenting the suit was influenced by the racial issues. It was against the famous African American, increased a great deal of open consideration from the African American open. Thus, it got a great deal of inclusion from the media (Brunty, Miller Helenek, 2014). They distinctly held on to watch if an individual of color can get equity from the American jury. As a result, they announced Simpson guiltless to support the open judgment. The media adjusted the teaching of the case which affected the focal point of the agents. The occurrences of residential v

Discuss critically Paul's treat of grace in chapter 6 of Romans Essay

Talk about fundamentally Paul's treat of beauty in section 6 of Romans - Essay Example The epistle in this manner presents effortlessness dependent on the way that people and sin are associates, yet there is salvation that originates from the finesse of God, however it is a decision. In this part, Paul recognizes that transgression must be vindicated by God for one to get an opportunity in interminable life, yet it isn't obligatory that elegance is offered, yet it doesn't give one a free go to the pleasantness of wrongdoing. Situated in Paul’s way to deal with beauty and sin, the last is very convincing and is related with a real existence that has natural delights, which ought not be what a Christian tries because of the repercussions that are related with taking part in the demonstrations that repudiate the life of a Christian and Christianity principles1. Examination The presentation of beauty in the Christian life depends on the decisions an individual makes. Sin as portrayed by Paul is unavoidable and Christians will wind up in it, however through beauty, a Christian can be spared from transgression and increase unceasing life. The section tends to sin as an existence of bondage and Paul proceeds to additionally expresses that without appropriate information and understanding, it is difficult to carry on with a real existence without wrongdoing. The epistle flaws mankind and presents the component of human shortcoming in saying that â€Å"we are dead to that master† (6: 7& 8), which is an existence of transgression. ... The setting of the epistle is attempting to set up a coherent stream that paints salvation as a procedure where the Christian needs to settle on decisions. The decisions that are made in a Christian’s life have profound results as painted by Paul. Despite the fact that we are enabled to pick and domain over God’s manifestations, we have a commitment to him. Some portion of that commitment as recommended by Paul is maintaining a strategic distance from transgression. This forbearance from wrongdoing depends on the possibility that the body, being natural will constrain us to sin. The body will be constrained to the abhorrent wants since it is mortal, yet as a Christian, one ought to depend on the otherworldly to abstain from falling snare to the relationship of wrongdoing. The beauty of God can spare our profound structure, despite the fact that Paul doesn't make an extraordinary dissimilarity among body and soul. In elegance then our otherworldly being will have the cap acity of setting up protection against the test of natural wants. Effortlessness is critical to Christian life since as Paul portrays the body has an effect on the soul and the otherworldly being will experience the ill effects of the offenses of the body3. The Christian in this manner must settle on a choice with regards to whether their inclination lays in being an instrument of exemplary nature or the differentiating evil. As talked about by Paul, life comprises of a few difficulties, which are natural and are a piece of what can be depicted as transgression. Each Christian will confront difficulties in life which ought to be defeated through resolute confidence and living in the impressions of Christ. Various parameters of natural life add to the decisions one makes and add to profound and real adherence to Christianity. Transformation to Christianity includes a few stages that must get the adherent to acknowledge

ADHD

Strategies for Coping With Your Spouses ADD/ADHD Marriage is hard work. It requires good communication, mutual respect, compromise, empathy, and an understanding of your partner’s feelings and needs. For individuals with ADHD, these requirements may be difficult. Relationships may become strained. A spouse can easily become frustrated with their partner’s disorganization and inattention.  Feelings can get hurt when the individual with ADHD is unable to follow through on his or her emotional or physical obligations. For example, a spouse with ADHD is far more prone than the average adult to: Blurt out thoughts without tempering themForget important eventsNeglect to follow through with promisesGet distracted by their partner’s conversationsHave difficulty seeing things from their spouse’s point of viewBehave impulsively rather than thinking things throughHave difficulty controlling their negative emotions When these issues ariseâ€"and are not addressed constructivelyâ€"it can be easy for a spouse to believe that their ADHD partner is deliberately causing them harm and pain. Potential Outcomes of ADHD Behaviors in Marriage As a result of their ADHD partners behaviors, spouses may feel like they are being forced into a parenting role in their marriage.  The non-ADHD partner often ends up being the one to provide structure and reminders. They end up feeling frustrated, disappointed and fed up when their ADHD partner does not comply. Rather than sharing a load of responsibilities with a valued partner, they feel that they are shouldering the load aloneâ€"while also helping their partner through difficulties and crises.  Spouses may end up taking care of the tedious home tasks that are difficult for the ADHD individual, paying the bills, scheduling appointments, cleaning and organizing the house, keeping the pantry and refrigerator stocked. It can be exhausting. Maintaining a Good Relationship When Your Spouse Has ADHD ADHD is a disorder but people with ADHD have great strengths as well. Its important to understand the disorder and its symptoms while also remembering the wonderful things about your spouse that brought you into the relationship in the first place. How do you make all this happen? It is important for spouses to have a good understanding of ADHD and the way symptoms can affect the marital relationship. Read up on adult ADHD, and ask your spouse to describe his or her symptoms. Consider joining a support group (online or in-person) where you can safely discuss and learn more about the challenges that go along with marriage to a person with ADHD.Try to see things from your partners point of view. Holding it all together and trying to control ones ADHD symptoms at work or with the children can require an enormous amount of energy and effort. Your partner may be more irritable with you because you are safe. That is not to say this behavior is excusable, but it helps you to see where the behavior may be coming from.Set yourselves up for success. In other words, build on your partners strengths while avoiding potentially difficult situations. Together, determine what your spouse is good at and enjoys doing around the house. Set up clear agreements so that each of you understands his or her responsibilities. Avoid events or activities that are likely to be stressful for your partner or are likely to tempt her into impulsive or poorly conceived choices.Rediscover what you love about each other. What was it that brought you together? How can you rekindle the spark? Spend time togetherâ€"aloneâ€"doing what you both love.

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Relief Efforts And Policing Of New Orleans After Hurricane...

There is no question that relief efforts and policing of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina should have been handled much differently and that most of the problems that occurred after the storm were man made. Though the political realm of the aftermath created more problems for those truly in need than it helped, Abdulrahman Zeitoun managed to become a hero in a time of desperation. He was able to not only save himself, but helped in keeping those around him alive too. In the face of sheer tragedy and political corruption, Zeitoun became a hero through various individual feats. With his relentless need to help others and intense desire to stay in New Orleans knowing that the storm was coming, Zeitoun managed to have a profound impact on the lives of many. Zeitoun, the hardworking family man from Syria, has an unbelievably altruistic personality, which is one of the reasons that he found himself in such a dire situation later in the book. When news of the storms growth reaches him, Z eitoun is faced with a decision to either stay in New Orleans or go with his family to Baton Rouge in hopes of finding safety. With very little doubt, he decides to stay to make sure that his home as well as the various worksites throughout the city are safe and ready for Katrina. Knowing the magnitude of the storm, Zeitoun decides to attempt to preserve it as best as he can, but ultimately it would not matter. On Monday, August 29th, just after the initial landfall of the storm, Zeitoun putShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Naomi Klein’s book, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthat a person was, take their mind back to infancy, and rebuild it as the doctor wished. There were many uses for this technique, if it was proven possible, such as getting information from a suspect or curing psychological disorders like depression. After many trials it was proven that it is possible to erode a person, but none of the subjects had their minds succe ssfully reconstructed again. Test subjects had terrible debilitations for the rest of their lives, ranging from memory loss to full psychologicalRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesfurniture giant News Corporation – corporate logic and corporate management in a worldwide media business. CRH – impressive international growth of an Irish company driven from a ‘lean’ corporate centre. Numico – difficulties with diversification for a Dutch nutritional products company. AIB – competing in the global banking industry: the challenges for a mid-size bank. SABMiller – an African brewer takes on the world: learning to thrive in difficult circumstances. MacPac – from a New Zealand start-up

Compromise Of 1850 Free Essays

By the 1850’s the Constitution had become a source of sectional discord and tension due to the different interpretations taken by the North and South. The North’s interpretation was that slavery was immoral and not protected under the Constitution. The South, on the other hand, interpreted the Constitution as recognizing slavery where it existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Compromise Of 1850 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, the acquisition of new land brought into question the expansion of slavery and the balance of power between the free states and slave states. The interpretations that both sides vindicated were irreconcilable; slavery was a necessity to the Southern way of life, and Northerners shared different views; effective compromises could not be achieved and ultimately this led to failure of the Union that the Constitution had created. After the Missouri Compromise had established the 36. 30? line that divided the national domain between the North and South, the Compromise of 1850 threatened to break the sectional balance. The admission of California as a free state would create an imbalance in the senate, which stood at 15 states each for the North and South. This is evident from Document A. Essentially, admitting California would grant greater political power to free states, and therefore create a conflict between the North and South. However, the admission of the Utah and New Mexico territory under the premise of popular sovereignty almost guaranteed that they would be slave states; it was mainly inhabited by Southerners and the climate was more conducive for Southern products, namely cotton. The sectional sentiment that was aroused by the Compromise of 1850 is obviously present in Document B, a letter from an anonymous Georgian. In his â€Å"Plain Words for the North† the Georgian emphasizes that the Constitution â€Å"recognizes slavery where it exists† and that unless this view is respected by the North, the â€Å"destruction [of the Constitution] is inevitable. † However in Document E, Garrison, an extreme abolitionist whose motto was â€Å"No Union with Slaveholders. argued that the Constitution â€Å"never intended to give any protection or countenance to the slave system†. Thus the question arises, â€Å"Does the Constitution protect slavery as an institution? † Since the framers of the Constitution did not explicitly condone or embrace slavery, the decision was left to Congress, the President, and the courts to supplement and implement any judgment concerning the issue. Although slavery was not mentioned in the Constitution, the context of it essentially supports slavery – many of the signers of the Constitution were slave owners. However, Northerners such as Emerson, (Document D) who addressed the Fugitive Slave Law, argued that slavery was immoral and foresaw the ending of the Union. Southerners, on the other hand, saw slavery as their natural right and regarded the three-fifths clause as evidence that slaves did not hold the rights of citizenship. Southerners were aided in their argument by the Supreme Court decision Dred Scott (1857), which ruled that African Americans had no civil rights, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Although the decision was made on the basis of the interpretation of the Constitution, it also reflected the susceptibility of the court to be influenced by personal views and politics – several of the justices were slave owners. Even though the court decision settled the question of slavery expansion and strengthened the South’s position, it ironically fueled the Republican movement after the defeat of the Lecompton constitution and the admittance of Kansas as a free state. Aided by the anti-slavery sentiment in the North, which had the majority of the electoral votes, the Republican party, led by Abraham Lincoln, was able to win the Election of 1860. With virtually no support in the South and only 40 percent of the popular vote, the election of Lincoln was a terrible political defeat for the southerners; he had been elected to office on the strength of the anti-slavery ballot. This revealed the importance of the electoral vote and the inability of the Constitution to establish equitable voting methods. After Lincoln’s election in 1860, South Carolina, which saw secession as the only alternative left to protect their way of life and liberty, challenged federal authority and attempted to coerce other southern states to join them. On February 7, 1871, seven slave states declared independence, joined the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis president. In Davis’ message to the Confederate Congress (Document H), he expressed his view that the Constitution set up a compact between independent states, rather than a national government made up of states. The misconception that the Constitution set up a national government, he said, was the perception of a certain political school in the North. In contrast, Lincoln’s message in Document I, questions how the Southern States (Secessionists) could withdraw from the Union without the consent of the other states. As these two documents have pointed out, the different interpretations by which Northerners and Southerners interpreted the Constitution was one of the main sources of sectional discord and tension. Despite efforts at preserving the Union, social and economic forces were pulling the North and South apart. Both were progressing, but divergently. Northern society was being cultured by the industrial revolution, and by educational and humanitarian movements that had little effect in the South. Southern society was dominated by agriculture, and therefore slavery was a necessary institution and way of life. Since the North and South were essentially two different societies united under one common law, it seemed inevitable that the conflict over slavery and political power would arise. It would have been impossible to accommodate the differences between the North and South under one law that applied to both. How to cite Compromise Of 1850, Essay examples Compromise of 1850 Free Essays The Compromise of 1850 was a series of acts passed in 1850, by which the United States Congress hoped to settle the strife between the opponents of slavery in the North and slave owners in the South. There is much speculation about how our country would be without this Compromise. The Compromise is a major stepping stone in United States history because of its many forces and provisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Compromise of 1850 or any similar topic only for you Order Now California’s admission to the Union would tip the balance in favor of free states—sixteen free states to fifteen slave states. A balance had been achieved with the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which tried to settle the growing slavery issue at that time by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The proposed admission of California in 1850 was further complicated by unresolved slavery questions in the vast southwestern territory that had been ceded to the United States after the war with Mexico ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. As he had done with the Missouri Compromise thirty years earlier, U. S. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky attempted to find a solution in 1850. This time the stakes were higher—the real possibility that the Union would break apart. Now seventy-one years old and in ill health, Clay gave his last great speech to the Senate on February 5–6, 1850, outlining the many features of the compromise, which once again tried to give satisfaction to both sides, and staking his reputation upon its passage. It was Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, though, who successfully crafted the measures. The Compromise of 1850 called for the admission of California as a free state as well as the organization of the ceded southwestern land into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, without mention of slavery. It stated that, when the territories became states, voting citizens living in those territories could then decide on their slavery status, a solution known as popular sovereignty. The compromise also settled the boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico and called for prohibition of slavery in the District of Columbia. But by far the most contentious part of the Compromise of 1850 was the Fugitive Slave Act. It was the second of such acts, the first having been passed in 1793. Southern states demanded it largely in response to the growing number of fugitive slaves who were escaping to freedom in the North or into Canada. The act not only called for the return of runaway slaves, as the previous law had done, but prohibited the fugitives a trial by jury or even to testify in their own behalf. In addition, marshals in the North who did not enforce the law were given heavy penalties, as were those who helped slaves to escape. The act was so severe and the outrage against it in the North so intense that it led to heavy abuses and therefore defeated its own purpose. Some Northern states passed personal liberty laws to defy the Fugitive Slave Act. The number of escapees increased, as did the number of abolitionists who took up the cause against slavery. Putting the law into effect only led to more animosity between North and South, and when South Carolina justified its secession from the Union in December 1860, it listed the personal liberty laws as one of its grievances. The Fugitive Slave Act was not repealed until June 28, 1864, well into the Civil War. The Compromise of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do — it kept the nation united — but the solution was only temporary. Over the following decade the country’s citizens became further divided over the issue of slavery. The rift would continue to grow until the nation itself divided. How to cite Compromise of 1850, Papers

Siberian Husky Essay Example

Siberian Husky Essay Siberian Husky BY fallibilitys Siberian Huskies I chose Siberian huskies because they are my favorite type of vertebrates. I like them because they have a very nice coat and they can have multi- colored eyes. Siberian huskies will get to be very big dogs when they mature and they will also get more muscle on there body. A male will get to be around 21-23. 5 inches to the shoulders, and will be 45-60 pounds in weight. A female will get to be around 20-22 inches to the shoulder, and will be 35-50 pounds in weight. Both genders will be slightly longer then they are taller. We will write a custom essay sample on Siberian Husky specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Siberian Husky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Siberian Husky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their coat can come in four different types of color. Most common colors are black and white, gray and white, copper and white, or all white. All huskies no matter what color will have white paws, legs, faces, and tail tips. They have a very thick double coat, which mainly helps them survive the cold climates. The topcoat will protect the dog from ticks, thorns, burs, and anything that will get stuck in its coat. The inner coat is for warmth and it enables them to survive in cold climates. They will shed their entire coat two times a year, but they will shed lightly year round. If you own a Siberian husky be prepared to find dog hair on couches, chairs, and on the floor. If you do not want a Siberian husky to shed as much you will need to brush them at least 3 times a week. Siberian huskies have a very sensitive stomach. You should feed your husky the more high in foods that are naturally made. Raw meat should also be in your huskies diet. You should always let you husky outside to run and play before you feed them because if they run after they eat they have the possibility of getting Gastric Volumes (bloating). The Siberian husky was bread to be a working dog in the cold environments. They can survive in cold harsh environments with ice and snow because of their heavy coat. Although a husky would prefer a cold place they can adapt very easily in a warm humid environment. The Siberian husky originated in Siberia and was brought over to the United States. Since huskies are bigger dogs they will not live as long as a smaller dog due to their health problems. A huskies average life expectancy is around 12-15 years if treated properly. A female husky will have around 5-7 pups in each litter. A female sky can begin to breed at the age of 15 months and a male husky can begin to breed at the age of 6 months. Siberian Huskies are classified like a human in the first stages of classification. Their kingdom is animal, their phylum is chordate, and their class is mammalian, Just like the humans. Their order is carnivore, their family is Candida, their genus is cants, their species is c. Lupus, and their subspecies is c. I. Familiars. The behavior of a Siberian husky is very dependent on how it is raised and treated. Most of the time you receive a playful and friendly husky pup. They are very intelligent. They should not be used as guard dogs because if someone were to come into your house they would greet them with many licks. If you are walking your dog and run into another dog you should expect your husky to want to play with the other it to play with. Huskies are very difficult to accommodate when it comes to housing. They should live in a bigger house that has a bigger backyard for the dog to run and play with. They should have some parts of the day that they can lay out because they are very loving and attention-searching dogs. If you are lying on a couch you should expect our husky to come and lay on top of you. The Siberian husky is one of the most intelligent dog breeds in the world. They can easily open doors, cabinets, and they can Jump on top of tables to get anything that interests them. If you own a husky you should have locks on every cabinet and door so they cannot get your food or get loose. The Siberian huskies are very well populated in the world. There are around 278,456,732,338 billion huskies in the world today. The Siberian husky is nowhere near being extinct. The husky will be in the world for thousands of years to come, unless a disease kills them off. When Siberian huskies are not tame and are living out in the wild they are very good at hunting. One of the Siberian huskies biggest predators is the human because they kill them for their beautiful coat. In the wild bears, mountain lions, and mostly any animals that are bigger then them will kill them for food. They are normally not seen out in the wild because they are tame and living with a family that will give them food and water. The Siberian huskies have the same senses of the human but the huskies senses are much better then a humans. Huskies can sense movement at a greater distance then we can, but they cannot see as well close up. They can hear four times better then a human. They see well in the dark so they can hunt in the wild, but they cannot distinguish between colors. With their noses they can smell a trail that is weeks old. Many huskies are used as police dogs in Alaska because of their sense of smell. Dogs have fewer taste buds then a human does, and they will be more acceptable to trying different things. The Siberian Huskies first Job was to be sled dogs, so people in the snowier limitless could get around easier. Later people with huskies realized that they were good at herding and they enjoyed doing it. They started using the huskies has dogs to herd reindeer. Siberian huskies can suffer from many genetic disorders. They can get cataracts, corneal dystrophy, and progressive retinal atrophy. The most common genetic disorder is hip dysphasia. From January 1994 through December 1998, a total of 12,087 Siberian Huskies were evaluated by OFF for hip dysphasia. Out of this total, 30 percent of the dogs received excellent hip ratings, and only 2 percent have been ignored with hip dysphasia. The Siberian husky was originated by the Chichi people of northeastern Asia as an endurance sled dog. The Chukkas needed a sled dog capable of traveling great distances at a moderate speed, carrying a light load in low temperatures with a minimum expenditure of energy. Shortly after 1900, Americans in Alaska began to hear accounts of this superior strain of sled dog in Siberia. The first team of Siberian Huskies made its appearance in the All Alaska Sweepstakes Race of 1909. In 1925, the city of None, Alaska, was stricken by drivers, including Mr.. Sepal, were called upon to relay the lifesaving serum to None by dog team. This heroic serum run focused attention upon Siberian Huskies, and Sepal brought his dogs to the United States on a personal appearance tour. He was invited to compete in sled dog races in New England, where the sport had already been introduced. The superior racing ability and delightful temperament of Sepals Siberian Huskies won the respect and the hearts of sportsmen from Alaska to New England. It was through the efforts of these pioneers that the breed was established in the United States. The Siberian huskies need many hours of exercise. They need around an hour of running and around 2 hours of walking. If you have an enclosed backyard you can Just let the husky outside and it run and play for hours. Training your Siberian husky can be very long because it will want to run and play. You have to be patient when training the husky. If the dog sees the point you it will obey your commands. You have to assert your dominance when training because they will want to be the leader or the alpha male. You have to reward his good behavior and scold it if it has bad behavior. A purebred Siberian husky will cost around 2,000 dollars because they are bred for racing. A regular Siberian husky will cost around 1,000 dollars. Food will cost around 30 dollars a month, toys will cost around 20 dollars, and vaccines and flea control will cost around 205 dollars every six months. Siberian huskies can be a handful at times, but they are worth having if you are energetic and ready for a companion. You have to be patient with the training and they will start listening to you. They will be great dogs if they are raised right and will not be as good if they are not raised right.

Importance of Brand Awareness a Comparative Study

Importance of Brand Awareness a Comparative Study Introduction The ability of consumers to identify, describe and differentiate a specific brand from its competition is at the center of all branding initiatives carried out by different branding managers as they try to improve their brand awareness levels. This paper shall set out to discuss the importance of brand awareness by conducting a case study that compares two brands in Australia.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Importance of Brand Awareness: a Comparative Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shall be done by highlighting the importance of brand awareness, comparing the breadth and depth of brand awareness for the chosen products and analyzing the results from the survey conducted in a bid to measure the level of brand awareness each product has in the Australian market. Importance of brand awareness According to Atiglan et al. (2009), brand awareness refers to the likelihood that consumers withi n a given market know of the existence and availability of a given product. Atiglan et al. (2009) further state that brand awareness is the degree of precision to which consumers link a brand to a specific product. Effective brand awareness is measured from the consumers’ ability to recognize or recall a specific brand. Similarly, Srivastava (2009) argues that branding efforts become futile if the product does not satisfy the needs of the targeted consumers. As such, the author states that brand managers should come up with brands that consumers can identify with in regard to the product’s performance, applicability and imagery. With this in mind, it is always important for brand managers to measure the brand awareness level of their brands in order to reap the learning, consideration and choice advantages. Keller (2008), states that effective brand awareness ensures that the brand is registered in the consumer’s mind. This means that a consumer is able to easil y recognize and recall a brand amidst other competing brands. In addition, brand awareness increases the probability that consumers will consider a specific brand and choose it when faced with options. As such, measuring the brand awareness level of a given brand is important to brand managers because it enables them to market and improve their brands in a manner that guarantees consumer satisfaction and loyalty.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Breadth and Depth of Brand Awareness: Sample Description According to Keller (2008), the depth of brand awareness refers to the ease of recognition and recall and how strong the brand is categorized among competing brands. The breadth of brand awareness deals with the purchase and consumption considerations made by the consumer when choosing a specific brand. In order to measure these dimensions, a case study was conduc ted in a bid to establish the overall consumer satisfaction rating of two prominent quick service restaurants in Australia. McDonald’s restaurants and Subway restaurants were chosen and ten respondents selected to participate in the survey. Eating fast and maintain a healthy life style were the main considerations made by consumers frequenting quick service restaurants. This is according to results posted by respondents to a survey recently conducted in Australia. Age, gender and career choice played a pivotal role in determining the type of food consumers ordered. In regard to brand recognition, most people stated that they knew McDonalds and have had their meals. They attributed this to the fact that McDonalds is prominent, familiar and popular as compared to other brands. However, when asked of their satisfaction rating, most participants recalled that subway restaurants offered the best services in terms of price, quality of service and interactivity. Research method A qu alitative research methodology was selected for this study. The primary method of data collection was a survey. A semi-structured interview was conducted with the selected respondents and the results compiled and analyzed graphically. Table 1: selection criteria of respondents Gender No. of respondents Age of respondent Male 5 18-35 years Female 5 18-35 years This research method was selected due to its flexibility and its ability to give credible and computable results. In addition, it enabled the researcher to observe and interact with the respondents freely without inconveniencing their schedules. Out of the five male respondents, two were aged below 25 years old. Three of the female respondents were below 25 years old.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Importance of Brand Awareness: a Comparative Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The logic behind this classification is because younger females a re more conscious about their looks as compared to their older counterparts. On the other hand, older males are health conscious and try to live health lives. This criterion was effective since it was designed to evaluate the level of brand awareness of the selected brands in regard to consumer satisfaction. Measures The respondents were required to rate their satisfaction levels from the selected brands based on predefined parameters. The rating method was based on a scale of 1-5 stars, 1 star being the lowest score and 5 stars being the best score. These two restaurants were selected due to their market share and availability across the Australian market. Below is an overall presentation of the results posted from the survey. Research results As mentioned earlier brand salience focuses on the ability of the brand to create a lasting impression on the consumer mind. The results from the survey indicated that while McDonald’s is a renowned brand in Australia, its brand aware ness level is lower in comparison to the levels exhibited by subway restaurants, which are higher. The graph below shows the relationship between the respondents and their responses on the selected measures. Graph 1: respondents and response to brand awareness Measures Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the graph it is evident that the brand awareness levels of Subway restaurants are higher than those recorded for McDonald’s restaurants. This can be attributed to the fact that Subway restaurants have marketed their brands more effectively in terms of consumer satisfaction, quality of service and the ability of consumers to identify themselves with Subway’s products. For example, in their website, Subway restaurants offer their consumers a chance to develop a unique recipe for their meals. This is a marketing strategy that ensures that consumers have a sense of ownership to this brand, thereby guaranteeing their loyalty. In addition, subway’s emphasis on fresh and healthy products attracts more consumers. This ensures that their products are recognized, considered and chosen by consumers. On the other hand, McDonald has failed to address the key issues that may make their brand more prominent. By providing less quality products, McDonald’s has given Subway restaurants a competitive edge that remains unmatched in the Australian market. Data analysis Data analysis was categorized according to the drinks, breakfast and meal preference of the respondents as can be seen in appendix 1. In regard to drinks, McDonald’s brands were preferred by most of the respondents. Subway restaurant meals and breakfasts were preferred by all respondents due to the fact that they are healthier options in comparison to those served at McDonald’s restaurants. Below is a table showing a breakdown of brand preferences recorded by respondents Subway Meals Drinks Breakfast Pizza sub with cheese= 3 Chicken classic= 3 Chicken schnitzel= 3 Italian B.M.T= 1 Steak cheese= 1 Chicken parmigiana melt= 1 Turkey and ham= 1 Tuna= 2 Subway Seafood Sensation= 2 Chicken Bacon Ranch melt= 4 Subway Melt= 1 Veggie Delite= 1 Strawberry yogurt = 2 1% low-fat milk= 1 Chocolate milk= 2 Juice box= 2 Water= 7 Egg cheese= 8 Ham, egg and cheese= 6 Shortcut bacon , egg cheese= 5 McDonald’s Meals Drinks Breakfast Double cheeseburger= 3 Big Mac= 2 Cheeseburger= 2 Hamburger= 2 Filet-O-Fish= 1 quarter Pounder= 2 Chicken McNuggets= 1 Water= 7 Coke= 4 orange juice (Goulburn valley)= 1 diet coke= 1 chocolate shake= 2 Coke Zero= 1 frozen Fanta raspberry= 1 Espresso pronto cappuccino= 1 Latte= 2 flat white= 2 black tea= 1 White tea= 4 Sprite= 1 strawberry shake= 1 hotcakes with butter and syrup= 4 English muffin= 1 hash brown= 1 sausage and egg muffin= 1 NYC Benedict bagel= 1 Rosti brekkie wrap=1 The table above shows the number of respondents who could recognize and recall various products from the selected brands. From the results, it is evident that the depth of brand awareness for Subway brand products is higher than that of McDonald’s brand products. Conclusion Brand awareness provides brand managers with an avenue through which they can effectively market their products in a competitive busi ness environment. By ensuring that a brand is easily recognized, recalled and considered, businesses guarantee their survival, all the while increasing consumer loyalty. From this report, it is evident that brand awareness plays a pivotal role in marketing and it should be effectively implemented if success is to be achieved. References Atiglan, E, Akinci, S, Aksoy, S Kaynak, E 2009, Customer-Based Brand Equity for Global Brands: A Multinational Approach’, Journal of Euromarketing, vol. 18, no. 2, pp.115-132. Keller, KL 2008, Strategic brand management – building, measuring and managing brand equity, international edition, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Srivastava, RK 2009, Measuring brand strategy: can brand equity and brand score be a tool to measure the effectiveness of strategy?, Journal of Strategic Marketing, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 487-497. Appendix Compiling results for depth of brand awareness Respondent Drinks Meals Breakfast Respondent 1 Coke, water, white tea Double cheeseburger, pizza sub with cheese, chicken classic, chicken schnitzel egg and cheese, shortcut bacon, egg and cheese, hotcakes with butter and syrup Respondent 2 Strawberry yogurt, latte, water Big Mac, cheeseburger, Italian B.M.T, steak cheese egg and cheese, ham, egg and cheese, English muffin Respondent 3 1% low-fat milk, chocolate milk, water, coke Double cheeseburger, chicken classic, chicken parmigiana melt hash brown, ham, egg and cheese, sausage and egg muffin, NYC Benedict bagel Respondent 4 Juice box, flat white, orange juice (Goulburn valley), Water Hamburger, turkey and ham, chicken Bacon Ranch melt, pizza Sub with cheese egg and cheese, ham, egg and cheese, shortcut bacon, egg and cheese, Respondent 5 water, diet coke, chocolate shake, Tuna, Subway Seafood Sensation, Filet-O-Fish shortcut bacon, egg and cheese, hotcakes with butter and syrup Respondent 6 Coke Zero, frozen Fanta raspberry, white tea Hamburger, chicken Bacon Ranch melt, Dou ble cheeseburger, egg and cheese, ham, egg and cheese, shortcut bacon, egg and cheese, Respondent 7 Espresso pronto cappuccino, latte flat white, coke, water, black tea Big Mac, pizza sub with cheese, chicken classic, chicken schnitzel shortcut bacon, egg and cheese, rosti brekkie wrap Respondent 8 White tea, water, sprite, strawberry shake chicken Bacon Ranch melt, subway Melt, quarter Pounder, Chicken McNuggets ham, egg and cheese, hash brown, hotcakes with butter and syrup, Respondent 9 Chocolate shake, white tea, latte (Espresso Pronto) chicken schnitzel, Tuna, Subway Seafood Sensation, egg and cheese, hotcakes with butter and syrup, Respondent 10 Strawberry Yogurt, juice box, chocolate milk Cheeseburger, quarter Pounder, chicken Bacon Ranch melt, Veggie Delite egg and cheese, ham, egg and cheese, shortcut bacon, egg and cheese, hash brown

American History Timeline - 1701 - 1725

American History Timeline - 1701 - 1725 The first quarter of the 18th century in America can be characterized as a time of conflict, with different European colonies- English, French and Spanish- waging fierce and political battles against each other and the Native American inhabitants over new territories and colonization strategies. Slavery as a way of life became entrenched in the American colonies. 1701 Fort Pontchartrain is built by the French at Detroit. October 9: Yale College is founded. It will not become a university until 1887, one of nine universities established in Colonial America. October 28: William Penn gives Pennsylvania its first constitution, called the Charter of Privileges. 1702 17 April: New Jersey is formed when East and West Jersey are united under the authority of the New York governor. May: Queen Anne’s War (The War of Spanish Succession) begins when England declares war on Spain and France. Later in the year, the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine falls to Carolina forces. Cotton Mather publishes The Ecclesiastical History of New England (Magnalia Christi Americana), 1620–1698. 1703 May 12: Connecticut and Rhode Island agree upon a common boundary line. 1704 February 29: During Queen Anne’s War, French and Abenaki Indians destroy Deerfield Massachusetts. Later in the year, New England colonists destroy two important supply villages in Acadia (present day Nova Scotia). April 24: The first regular newspaper, the Boston News-Letter was published. May 22: The first Delaware assembly meets at the town of New Castle. 1705 The Virginia Black Code of 1705 is passed, restricting the travel of enslaved persons and naming them officially as real estate. It read in part: All servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native Country...shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion...shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resist his master...correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction...the master shall be free of all punishment...as if such accident never happened.   1706 January 17: Benjamin Franklin is born to  Josiah Franklin and  Abiah Folger,   August: French and Spanish soldiers unsuccessfully attack Charlestown, South Carolina during Queen Anne’s War. Chattel  slavery  is introduced by French colonists in  Louisiana, after they raid Chitimacha settlements. 1707 May 1: The United Kingdom of Great Britain is founded when the Act of the Union combines England, Scotland, and Wales. 1708 December 21: The English settlement at Newfoundland is captured by French and Indian forces. 1709 Massachusetts is becoming more willing to accept other religions as evidenced by the Quakers being allowed to establish a meeting house in Boston. 1710 October 5–13: The English capture Port Royal (Nova Scotia) and rename the settlement Annapolis. December 7: A deputy governor is appointed over North Carolina, although the Carolinas considered one colony. 1711 September 22: The Tuscarora Indian War begins when North Carolina settlers are killed by the Indians. 1712 The separation of North and South Carolina is officially enacted. June 7: Pennsylvania bans the import of slaves into the colony. 1713 March 23: When South Carolinian forces capture Fort Nohucke of the Tuscarora Indians, the remaining Indians flee north and join the Iroquois Nation, ending the Tuscarora War. April 11: The first of the peace treaties under the Treaty of Utrecht is signed, ending Queen Anne’s War. Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland are given to the English. 1714 August 1: King George I becomes the King of England. He would reign until 1727.   Tea is introduced to the American colonies. 1715 February: Charles, the fourth Lord Baltimore successfully petitions the crown for return o Maryland, but he dies before taking control of the colony. 15 May: Maryland is restored to William, the fifth Lord Baltimore. 1717 Scots-Irish immigration begins in earnest due to higher rent rates in the Great Britain. 1718 Spring: New Orleans is founded (although not recorded,later the traditional date becomes May 7). May 1: The Spanish found the city of San Antonio in the Texas territory. The Valero  mission is established  at San Pedro Springs in present-day San Antonioby Fray Antonio de San Buenaventura y Olivares, a Franciscan missionary of the College of Santa Cruz de Querà ©taro. It would later be renamed the Alamo. 1719 May: Spanish settlers surrender Pensacola, Florida to French forces. Two ships of African slaves arrive in Louisiana, carrying rice farmers from the West Coast of Africa, the first enslaved Africans brought into the colony. 1720 The three largest cities in the colonies are Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City. 1721 South Carolina is named a royal colony and the first provisional governor arrives. April:  Robert Walpole becomes the English Chancellor of the Exchequer,and a period of â€Å"benign neglect† begins that will have huge ramifications in the years leading up to the American Revolution. 1722 The building later known as the Alamo is erected as a mission in San Antonio. 1723 Maryland requires the establishment of public schools in all counties. 1724 Fort Drummer is built as protection against the Abenaki, forming what would become the first permanent settlement in Vermont at present-day Brattleboro. 1725 There are an estimated 75,000 black slaves in the American colonies, out of a half-million non-Native American residents. Source Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Nobles Books: Greenwich, CT, 1993.

Creating_Financing_Marketing A Bussiness Assignment

Creating_Financing_Marketing A Bussiness - Assignment Example Equity funding includes partners’ contributions, ploughed back profit, offers for the shares, personal contributions, and gifts, while debt funding includes loans from financial institutions, insurance companies and government agencies (Hatten, 2011). Managerial accounting can help managers with product costing, incremental analysis, and budgeting by providing necessary accounting information such as costs, cost variance and forecasts to aid managerial decision making in determining and regulating costs as well as in budgeting (Debarshi, 2011). The marketing process defines the target market for the clothes, quantifies its potential, and evaluates the value of satisfying the potential. The process also includes communication of the determined information to management and evaluation of delivered clothes to the market and initiated response (McDonald and Wilson, 2011). Social responsibility establishes a friendly relationship between an organization and its market towards acceptance of the organization’s products while technology facilitates efficiency and effectiveness of marketing initiatives (Hatten,

Environmental Issues in the Pacific Islands Case Study

Environmental Issues in the Pacific Islands - Case Study Example References will be made to other regions that have formulated and implemented successful environmental programs to serve as guidance in deducing viable environmental projects or programs for the country. The Philippines now comprises of about 80 million people and the majority is found to be dwelling in urban areas. Among other Asian countries, the Philippines ranks as having one of the highest urbanized areas. The rapid increase in the population rate in general and in the urbanization rate in particular, has thus contributed much not only to resource depletion but also to the significant decrease in air and water quality levels. One of the direct results of this is the increase in the levels of waste generation. According to a World Bank study on Waste Generation (World Bank, 2001), the average Filipino generates around 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms of garbage daily depending on income levels. The highest waste-producing area is the National Capital Region, which accounts to 23% of the country's production, or 1/4 of the country's generation waste as a whole. In a similar study in 2004, the World Bank found that around 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution have been produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15 percent) sectors. Out of the identified regions with critical water levels, domestic and industrial sources were determined to be the major water pollutants. Inadequate wastewater treatment has affected the health of the people, with the water having found to contain significant presence of disease-causing bacteria and viruses, making it unsuitable for drinking and even bathing. On a more macro level, this poor water quality threatens biodiversity, and deteriorates the quality of life. Diseases such as gastro-enteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have all been attributed to poor water quality. As such, the water-related death rates and health outbreaks have been reported to increase over the years. Despite all of these, however, awareness of the urgent need to improve overall sanitation and implement more effective water pollution control have remained very low, as reflected by the low prioritization given to sanitation and sewerage investments. As it is, only a small portion of the country's population has access to sewer systems and decent sanitation facilities (World Bank, 2004). The enactment and implementation of the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 which has led to the gradual phase out of leaded gasoline, has contributed much to the significant drop in the ambient lead levels. Despite this, however, other air pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxides and total oxidants remain in levels that exceed the standards and therefore are still considered a major concern. Industrialization and the growing population are seen to be the major contributors to this persistent problem. These air pollutants come from small and medium industries that use fossil fuels, with a high share of coal, as the main sources of industrial energy. Among these major air-polluting industries are those engaged in the use of iron, steel, fertilizer, and cement. In addition, the increase in urbanization has encouraged the establishment of

Bone Conduction Technology Impact

Bone Conduction Technology Impact Gabrielle Lau Erin Topping The worlds sounds can be perceived acoustically and as vibrations. Acoustic transmission, also known as air conduction, is sound that travels through the external ear. Through bone conduction, sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear by the cranial bones without traveling through the air in the ear canal (Oticon Medical). Audiologists take advantage of these two principles when creating hearing aids for the deaf and hearing impaired. Traditional acoustic air conduction hearing aids treat and amplify noise appropriately to the user through the ear canals. Unlike air conduction, bone conduction involves bypassing the ear and resting on the bony prominence of the skin. Vibrations travel through the bones and into the cochlea where sound, including acoustic, is interpreted. Despite air conduction succeeding bone conduction in the hearing aid industry, bone conduction technology offers many potential uses and enhanced safety. Inventions such as bone conduction sunglasses and headphone s allow users to immerse themselves in music without muting environmental sounds. Their ears would be open to hearing car horns and hollers, thus preventing many injuries and deaths that were initially caused by earphones blocking surrounding sound (Hsu, University of Maryland). Moreover, scientific studies have also supported the concept, that bone conduction technology causes less damage to the ears than ear buds (Monks, The Audiology Foundation of America). Bone conduction oriented hearing, as compared to air conduction oriented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses. Air conduction oriented hearing is the standard sound transmission of the anatomy of ears. Sound travels through the ear canal, and next translated into vibrations by the eardrum. These vibrations then transmit through three tiny bones called the anvil, hammer, and stirrup in the middle ear which amplifies the sound. Lastly, the sound enters the cochlea lined with fluid and thousands of tiny hair cells that will transform the sound vibrations into electrical signals for the brain to interpret. Acoustic hearing aids have technologically advanced tremendously with each aid handling miniscule microphones, processors, and receivers (Townsley). Sound is picked up through the microphone then processed into the specific hearing range of the user. For example, an air conduction hearing aid would pick up sound and strengthen high or low pitched noises to fit the hearing of the patient. Air conduction hearing aids benefit individuals suffering from cochlear damage, where the hair cells that st imulate hearing certain frequencies to the auditory nerve have deteriorated. Bone conduction oriented hearing involves bypassing the external ear and transmitting sound via the bones of the human body, preferably the skull. There are two types of bone conducting hearing aids, bone conduction bands and bone anchored hearing aids. Unlike bone conduction bands, bone anchored hearing aids involve penetrating the skin by surgically implanting a titanium abutment to the mastoid (Oticon Medical). A microphone sound processor latches to this implant in order to directly transmit sound as vibrations to the skull (Townsley). Bone conduction bands consist of a microphone, processor, and elastic band. These two mechanical components latch to the band that is worn around the patients head. The bone conduction hearing aid provides a solution to those with profound hearing loss with sensorineural damage, single-sided deafness, or atresia, a birth defect where individuals are born without an ear canal. This option of hearing has gained most recognition from its ability to he lp the common condition, single-sided deafness. Individuals who suffer such, have an impaired ability to detect the direction of sounds and to separate background noise to make sense of speech (Townsley). To avoid feelings of social isolation and exclusion from this, patients use specifically bone conduction hearing aids to regain consciousness of the position of sound and its source. Moreover, bone conduction hearing aids are used during hearing tests to uncover whether a patient suffers external or sensorineural ear damage (Townsley). The use of air conduction is constant for those with normal hearing. Individuals with unobstructed external ear pathways and normal sensorineural function will automatically hear all sounds acoustically. Air conduction technology encompasses all appliances that allow individuals to hear sound. These include hearing aids, speakers, headphones, speaker implanted into cars and computers, etc. A magnitude of technology utilizes air conduction sound transmission, but the functional purpose of creating sound has not since presented any different potential uses. Though bone conduction technology has been around for centuries, modern developments have shown the magnitude of its use. Ludwig Van Beethoven, born in the late 1700s, utilized sound bite principles to compose music after he threw a temper tantrum, fell over, and stood up to realize he had lost all hearing. By biting on a special rod attached to the soundboard on a piano that he could bite, Beethoven allowed musical vibrations to transfer to his jaw to increase his perception of the sound.(Ealy 143) Bone conduction technology has since advanced as a safety precaution for secret military operations and daily activities. British Aeorspace Systems constructed bone conduction inspired helmets allowing soldiers to hear comms over the loudest battlefield noises and bone phones, ear pieces to use for silent communication (Wood). The documented navy SEAL raid that killed Osama Bin Laden stated the vitality of bone phones for that mission (Owen). The fundamentals of the bone phones have shift ed to also accomodate citizens. In a study conducted by the University of Maryland, it concluded that 70% of all transportation accidents involving earphones led to death. The creation of bone conduction headphones henceforth came about. To promote situational awareness, users can listen to music through a headpiece that firmly sits transducers in front of the ear, on the cheekbones. Hollers and honks from surrounding cars will be heard by the user because their natural hearing sense is no longer depleted by an ear phone. Moreover, certain cell phone companies have begun to develop a bone conduction microphone. For busy men and women who must take calls on the go, but struggle to make their responses apparent and environment non-apparent to their recipient, this speaker will directly pick up the vibrations of their voice simply by resting on their head and transferring it to the phone to process and link to the recipient end. These products have been manufactured into articles of cl othing that can be worn on the head such as baseball caps and glasses. These developments prove that bone conduction technology is advancing into uses beyond the hearing impaired. Additionally bone conduction has been utilized as a marketing gimmick. In the summer of 2015, a Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) in South Africa hoped to increase its relevance through creating a modern indoor entertainment system. With the growing number of unsigned musical artists and the fact that KFC was not a record label, the fast food chain decided to create record tables (Chase and Brandt). They took advantage of bone conduction principles by engineering tables where customers would place their elbows on the table and cup their hands on their ears to get a musical treat (Chase and Brandt). This high-tech addition yielded outstanding results in business increased the average dwell time of the customer in store and widespread social media hype about the innovation as well as overwhelmingly positive feedback about the experience (Chase and Brandt). Bone conduction has created a new form of advertisement in an exciting and interactive way that it has been introduced into the public t ransportation systems in Munich and North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2013 Sky Go, a mobile streaming service, enhanced the glass windows of trains to transmit messages through bone conduction to passengers who lay their head on the window. This glass emits high frequencies that the brain processes into words heard by no one else on the train except for those who also have laid their head on the window. Information on weather, music, and advertisements transmitted into the commuters heads. Despite a Sky Go representative, Susanne Keyzers, claiming passengers were surprised but enjoyed this new form of advertising, on camera reactions prove that bone conduction may not be the best fit for transit advertisements. Several passengers looked shocked then angry for not being able to shut their eyes for nap while leaning against a window (Dicker). Though bone conduction has introduced an entirely new dimension to the world of advertisement, manufacturers must recognize the line between voluntary interaction and invasion of privacy. For its invasive characteristics, the talking window has opened an aspect of marketing known as guerilla advertising. Outside of practical and marketing use, bone conduction technology has also made strides in the recreational and comfort fields. Aquatic sportswear companies such as FINIS Incorporated have developed underwater headphones, dubbed the Neptune headphones, through the use of bone conduction principles. This recent innovation mimics the way whales and dolphins communicate underwater (Smith) by transferring sound as vibrations from an mp3 player to small pieces latched over the cheekbones. The music plays as if inside the users head, giving this new headphone a surreal (Smith) reputation. Another company that hoped to take advantage of bone conductions potentials uses was Google. In 2013, Google created its first Google Glass prototype, a glasses gadget that could provide information to its user instantly by being closer to the human senses (Warr). Essentially computer glasses, these gadgets included a bone conduction speaker to transfer information to the user regarding camera use, inter net information, map directions, or music. Due to its still continuing development, the Google Glass has never been sold to the public. The head Glass coordinator, Tony Fadell, spoken out that several versions of Google Glass are being made for different situations. Currently, an Enterprise Edition exists which aimed at businesses in healthcare, manufacturing, and energy industries. And beyond that, bone conduction has become a player in the comfort industry. Integrated Listening Systems built a Dreampad bone conduction pillow in 2014 (Kooser). The Dreampad consisted of several bone conduction speakers fitted into all sort of pillows to help sing users into a pleasant slumber. Their target audiences encompassed those diagnosed with insomnia and those who wish to listen to music or audiobooks to sleep while their bed buddy may prefer complete silence. By using a very subtle sound bone conduction based approach, the Dreampad soothed people to sleep. The expanse of bone conduction tech nology from underwater workouts to inducing sleep, highlight its many uses as compared to air conduction technology. Not only does bone conduction offer a new take on leisure items, it also has become a vital part of entertainment experiences for the deaf community. Recently, the world famous DJ Martin Garrix and the soda brand 7Up teamed up to create a Concert for the Deaf. In cooperation with Fake Love, Martin Garrix and 7UP created a concert for the deaf that utilized a variety of tactile experiments and features to give participants the experience of feeling their music (Meadow). The project involved the construction of numerous vibrating speaker cones and padded flooring, revolving around bone conduction principles, so that the deaf attendees would be able to interact and physically feel the music around them. Visuals were paired to water experiments that the music itself brought to life, creating a completely seamless and encompassing audio and visual experience(Meadow). The designers of this concert created plexi-glass boxes with a thin base level of water. Attached to the bottom, were light s and vibrating speaker cones that vibrated the water at different frequencies. These vibrations accompanied the visual projections and ultimately the beats played by Martin Garrix. Some attendees were also fitted with Subpac-like backpack systems that conveyed bass throughout the body (Meadow). The project thoroughly utilized bone conduction principles in order to gear a musical concert to an all-deaf audience. Though the vibrations could not be perceived as sound because of the audiences complete auditory deafness, the vibrations could be picked up by the bones of the human body in rhythms recognizable to the brain. And the results succeeded expectations. People of all ages who had never heard a sound in their entire lives or for many years enjoyed a night of electronic music and dancing to beats that literally flowed through their bodies. Bone conduction technology can create new inventions, but it can also be a fundamental principle in creating life experiences that yield lastin g amounts of joy and happiness. Some may argue that although bone conduction technology offers a spectrum of uses, its quality does not permit it to reach full potential. Many online reviews of bone conduction inspired works such as Google Glass or the Dreampad are negative. Users usually feel dissatisfied with the vibrational sound being muffled and unclear, and for certain developments, users find them physically unappealing. A recent popular review on the Dreampad gave credit for its impressive technology but derailed it for its limited application (Lovejoy). It also detailed the false sense of the Dreampads efficacy by discussing its limited research. The Dreampad advertising site claimed to have had performed a study with Columbia University. However, the study in its entirety included twenty-nine people with only ten actually using the Dreampad pillow. Additionally, Lovejoy noted that the bone conduction music was almost painful to listen to and that the given podcasts were both muffled and quiet even at maxi mum volume. But, this demonstrates only one heavily studied and documented opinion. For the Google Glass, a plethora of complaints and criticisms arose. Initially this invention held highly regard, being named one of TIME magazines Best Inventions of the Year as well as receiving an astounding number of pages in several popular magazines, being referenced in popular television shows, and even premiering on the runway for New York Fashion Week. But within a year it began its descent into infamy. Its initial exclusivity made it far more desirable and idealized in society. Once technology reviewers got a hold of a pair and both tested and deconstructed it, Google Glass met its downfall. Major criticisms revolved around the weak bone conduction sound system, abysmal battery life, its plague of cyber-bugs, and limited use (Bilton). Google Glass recording abilities made it banned from bars, movie theaters, and casinos. Despite bone conduction technologies good intentions to thrust humanit y into the possibilities of the future, its overall quality has kept it from truly progressing. Clearly, bone conduction offers a great variety of uses. However, it is not necessarily the better option compared to air conduction both in quality and health. As stated earlier, bone conduction inventions have faced excessive criticism concerning the sound quality and whether or not it is effectively portraying sound to those with hearing disabilities. A common misconception, is that bone conduction is a less risky form of headphone and therefore healthier. Headphones that are bone conduction oriented will pass sound through the skull and straight to the bones of the middle ear to the cochlea. Likewise, sound that is transferred through air conduction will pass through the ear canal, ear drum, middle ear bones, and the cochlea. Either way, both still put the hair cells of the cochlea at risk when playing loud music. Listening repeatedly to loud volumes will lead to damage of the cochlea no matter what kind of hearing technology. Air conduction and bone conduction principles have led to a vast amount of advancements in many aspects of life; innovations in hearing, traffic safety, the work place, and even personal comfort. The limits of acoustic sound application stem from the primary purpose of giving off sound for those of normal hearing. As compared to bone conduction, air conduction does not offer as many potential uses or variety of applications. Through the developments of bone conduction headphones, military helmets, glasses, tables, and even pillows one can truly see the possibilities of bone conduction. And beyond tangible objects, bone conduction has played a role in ensuring the safety of pedestrians and bikers and creating impactful memories of hearing and feeling music. Although there are currently many shortcomings, I believe that bone conduction technology has the promise of making countless technological advances in the future. Bone conduction oriented hearing, as compared to air conduction ori ented hearing, is a form of sound transmission that has greater potential for a wider variety of uses. Bone conduction technology has massively expanded in its uses. Now reaching far beyond the hearing aid market it was originally intended for; headphones that help ensure safety, and pillows that play silent music to help the user fall asleep. It has greatly transcended the cell phone company market by offering new ways to add clarity and efficiency to calls. Bone conduction has even reached the battle field, by being implemented into military helmets. Soldiers can now clearly receive and understand orders from their commander over the blasting sounds of cannons, guns, tanks, or aircrafts. It has also become greatly useful in secret operations. By having a slim bone conduction piece attached to the arm, agents are able to communicate silently in the most physically unobvious way: without any headpiece or audible sound. And after defense, bone conduction has been monumental in helping the deaf hear. In a recent concert and commercial put on by 7 Up Soda, the public was able to see how bone conduction speakers and platforms were able to transmit sound to deaf individuals so that they may enjoy a full on visual and physical musical experience. But despite its success and high regard by society, it does have its own shortcomings. Users of bone conduction products have found much fault in its quality as well as its overall efficiency. Reviews on the Google Glass and Dreampad yielded not the most gentle remarks. Critics also point out the use of bone conduction as guerilla advertisement, specifically in the talking window campaign in western Europe. Its invasion of privacy and improper application by Skygo have somewhat downscaled the popularity of bone conduction. However, seeing the amount of things it can do and accomplish, the multiple inventions made, I have believe that the future of bone conduction technology is promising. The potential uses bone conduction technology has are boundless, and I believe will be vital in the development of future inventions and dis coveries. Works Cited Bilton, Nick. Why Google Glass Broke. The New York Times. The New York Times, 04 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Chase, Pete, and Adam Brandt. Sound Bite Interactive Record Table. Best Ads on TV. YUM Brands. 20 July 2015. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. Dicker, Ron. Train Window Ads Vibrate Into Ear Via Bone Conduction As You Lay Head Against Glass (VIDEO). The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 03 July 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Ealy, George Thomas. Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethovens Hearing Perception, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring, 1994), pp. 262-273, University of California Press. 27 Nov. 2011. Print. 01 Feb. 2017. Greer, Ray. Bone Conduction Headphones: Safety and What to Know. Best of Life Magazine Co. 16 Feb. 2016, pp. 15-20. 01 Feb. 2017. Hsu, Christine. Serious Injuries and Deaths Caused by Headphones Have Tripled Since 2004. Injury Prevention (2012): n. pag. Medical Daily. University of Maryland, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 01 Feb. 2017. Kooser, Amanda. I Let a Bone-conduction Pillow Sing Me to Sleep. CNET. N.p., 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Lovejoy, Ben. Review: Dreampad, the Bluetooth Pillow Speaker with Impressive Tech but Limited Application.9 to 5 Mac. 13 Jan. 2017. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Meadow, Matthew. Martin Garrix Proves He Has A Heart Of Gold In Emotionally Charged New Video. Your EDM. LLC, 18 Mar. 2016. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. Monks, Kieron. Bone Conduction: Get Used to the Voices in Your Head. CNN. Cable News Network. 29 May 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Oticon Medical .How Bone Conduction Hearing Systems Work. How Bone Conduction Works. Oticon Medical, n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Owen, Mark, and Kevin Maurer. No Easy Day: The Autobiography of a Navy SEAL: The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden. NY, NY: Dutton Penguin. 2012. Print. 01 Feb. 2017. Smith, Jennifer. Incredible Underwater Headphones That Transmit Music to Swimmers Ears by Vibrating Sound through Their Cheekbones . Daily Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Townsley, Christopher. Professional Audiologist Interview. Personal interview. 30 Jan. 2017. Warr, Philippa. Google Glass to Use Bone Vibration Instead of Traditional Headphones.WIRED UK. WIRED UK, 23 May 2016. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Wood, Anthony. Army Helmets Could Soon Feature Bone Conduction Comms. New Atlas Latest News. Shutterstock. 10 Sept. 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2017.

Alternative Media, Youth and Civil Society

BIOGRAPHY OF Dr. Govind Ji Pandey Filmmaker, college professor, social activist Dr. Govind Ji Pandey was born in Varanasi in 1972. Studied at BHU, Varansi and received his doctoral Degree in Journalism from MG Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi. Acted in many films and worked for promotion of Bhojpuri Films in Purvanchal. Dr Pandey taught students of Masters Course at MGKVP before he moved to Delhi as Lecturer (Electronic Media), in MBICEM, a college affiliated to GGSIP University. Here he taught BJ(MC) students for six years. During his stay in Delhi he supervised various small research projects of students.He taught Video and Radio Journalism,Production, and supervised around five hundred audio and audio-visual production of students. Some of the films supervised by him got prize in prestigious film festivals like Jeevika, Vatavaran, Misce-en-scene etc. Dr. Pandey is author of a book ‘Television Journalism and Programme Formats’. At present he is working as a Reader (Mass Com munication) at BB Ambedkar University, Lucknow. He is teaching PG students and guiding research scholars for their Ph. D thesis at BBA University. Alternative Media, Youth and Civil Society Dr. Govind Ji Pandey Associate Professor, Dept. f Mass Comm & Journalism Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univrsity, Lucknow Email- [email  protected] com Mob. 0919198915357The pen is mightier than the sword, and the alternative media may become mightier than the mainstream media. This is not a mere conjecture the process has already begun. The alternative media has emerged as a key player in promoting the cause of marginalized section of the society, an alternative voice of people and reflecting reality. The neglect of underprivileged and browbeaten by mainstream media, suppression and manipulation of information by government and media industry has posed a evere threat to the right to freedom of speech and expression of the members of global civil society. In the backdrop of the great danger posed by the media and political-economical nexus, a new development has given hope to millions around the world, of reuniting and creating an alternative source of information which is free by all means. The past few decades have shown us the path of creating a multi polar world and the advent of new media will create a world with multiple sources of voices.The information will come from those who are not only consumers of it, but producing it as well. The recent technological developments have reduced the cost of production dramatically. The speed of internet has increased with the development in the data transmission technology. This development has provided in the form of new media, a very strong tool of communication to challenge the monopoly of traditional mainstream media. The alternative media particularly Internet and Community Radio have changed the way we were consuming the media products.Now the consumer is no more a passive receiver of the media content but involved in the pr ocess of collection, selection and dissemination of information. There is a large number of people who believe that media can be used as a tool for social change. The large number of people involved in developing and disseminating information can be a great source of information for hundred and thousands of people all across the world. The information flow can not be stopped by the governments and now it has taken a global shape. Things happening at far of places now started affecting local governments.The recent case of Iran where the Iranian Government stopped the flow of information by putting many journalists behind bars and blocking television and slowing down internet speed could not restrict the flow of information. People used their mobile phones and cameras and put videos and audio of the various acts of Government for viewing and it became instant hit. A global opinion was formed and it affected the Iranian Government as well. It shows the strength of the alternative sourc es of information in shaping the modern world. The present study is an attempt to analyze the time people devote in creating media content.The continuous up gradation of information which has changed the social and economical condition of the consumers, in particular the youth studying in various universities in India.. The objectives of research are : 1)To understand the time youth devote for creating and consuming the media content; 2)to analyze the various tools used for content creation and reception by students; 3)to compare preference given to the medium for the content creation and consumption; 4)to analyze nature and type of content created by the students: 5)to observe social change in student community.The research study aims at highlighting the characteristics of alternative media, civil society, with the help of theoretical discussions and finally the relevance of concepts related with alternative media, civil society and youth have been analyzed through the following re search hypotheses: RH 1) Internet is the most preferred medium among youth. RH2)University students are actively participating in the social campaigns promoted through various social network sites. RH3)The most preferred tool for content generation is mobile phone. RH4)New media has changed information creation and consumption behavior of students.Methodology: For the analysis of above mentioned objectives and hypotheses a sample of 300 PG students of various departments of three universities from Lucknow, UP, India, were selected and their opinion on the various issues were taken. For this purpose an interview schedule was constructed. The students were selected through non-probability sampling method and equal representation was given to male and female students. Civil Society: Jurgen Habermas’ founded the notion of ‘public sphere,’ in which he discussed about a model of rational communication and rational critical debate.While explaining this kind of public sp here he said that, ‘private people come together as a public and they engage the state on various matters of public interest with reasoned argument. ’ As Habermas stressed, the public sphere has been in a permanent state of transformation as underlying social and economical conditions have changed. Though we have many views about civil society but we were not able to provide a single definition of civil society which is unanimously supported by all the scholars. The most recent one given by Mary Kaldor in his essay written in the book Global Civil Society 2007/08 talks about civil society, as the edium through which social contracts or bargain are negotiated between the individual and the centers of political and economic authority. Civil society is a process of management of society that is bottom- up rather than top down, and involves the struggle for emancipatory goals. Till 1989, the definition of civil society was territorially bounded. The concept of civil society was prevalent in some parts of Europe and America. The developments that have started around the world in early part of seventy and continued through eighties and nineties strengthen the democratic movement in Asia, Africa and other parts of the world.It is very clearly stated that to have a vibrant civil society you need established dem ocratic rights of electing public representatives, an independent judiciary and separation of legislative from executive. Media’s Role in a Civil Society The control of media by large business houses who are governed by the state bureaucracies and commercial motives has created an environment where the power has come under one head which is a dangerous sign for a democratic country like India.The UNESCO report on various aspects of communication and society provided eight following functions of mass media; i)dissemination of information ii)socialization iii)motivation iv)promoting debate and discussion on public issues v)education vi)cultura l promotion vii)entertainment and viii)integration. The objective of these functions were to provide complete information to the public so that they can form opinion and participate in the democratic process i. e. debate and discussion which ultimately guarantees their freedom of speech and expression.There is an immense danger to the freedom of speech and expression in the form of control and manipulation of information by state and private media industry. The control of mainstream media has come from various quarters and in variable forms. The fourth pillar of democracy has been hijacked by the various governmental and non-governmental organizations. Main stream media is no more the voice of people and is in a total disconnect of the real India. The mainstream media is serving the interests of minuscule minority and totally neglecting the real issues.If we analyze the issues that have been the centre of debate and discussion on various television channels and in print media we wil l hardly see an issue that is affecting the masses or talking about the marginalized section of the society. The mainstream media is obsessed with the glamour and politics, real developmental issues are vanished from the scene. What is Alternative Media? Michael Albert (2004) attempts to define alternative media in his manifesto, ‘what makes alternative media alternative’? As he writes ‘ An alternative media institution does not maximize profits, does not primarily sell audience to advertisers for revenues, is structured to subvert society’s defining hierarchical social relationships, and is structurally profoundly different from and as independent of other major social institution, particularly corporations, as it can be many segments of civil society are politically motivated communities promoting numerous causes and holding various versions of democracy.John Ehrenberg (1999) â€Å" A democratic sphere of public action that limits the thrust of state pow er. Alternative media enable and encourage empowerment and leanring outcomes may take place in either formal or informal education settings. UNESCO report on alternative media says: ‘ These are the kinds of consciously political and social demands by groups for whom alternative communication is but another facet of their need to contest hegemonic structures and forms to create an new social and cultural reality for themselves. (UNESCO, 1993,p. 16) Advent and Type of Alternative Media The monopoly of information control and ownership by the government, political and economic elites given them a lot of power to manipulate information.The newspapers and television channels have been driven by the commercial motives and the news about the poor and the marginalized were shifted to the inner pages. The global civil society felt a need of having alternative media which can connect with the rural, is committed to the poor and the oppressed and report the truth. The alternative media w as present during the media boom but did not take proper shape. Just after the internet revolution now, it came in to prominence. Some of the alternative media that have created and posted great challenge to mainstream media are following: 1)Interne Newspaper 2)Blogs 3)Social Networking websites )Mobile phones and Pager services 5)Independent documentary/Video filmmakers 6)Community Radio 7)Visual Radio 8)Ham operators 9)Small Newspapers and Magazines 10)Newsletters, brochures, handbills, pamphlets, posters, etc The development of alternative media gave ordinary citizens power to publish articles, upload videos and display photographs. It gave birth to a new kind of journalism which is public journalism. In this type of journalism public is producer, editor, reporter and consumers of the content. It has reduced the gate keeping authority of the traditional media. Role of Alternative Media 1)An alternative voice of people:It has a great role to play in shaping up a global civil socie ty and free world. With the advent of internet and use of advance technology in mobile telephone industry the local issues have all the potential to become global that to within a very little time. The recent experience of the governments of China and Iran attempting to control the internet has led to a strong underground movement. The authorities blocked the flow of information by putting journalists in jail and tried to stifle the flow of information but the internet gave people the much needed voice and forum which is hard to contain by the governments. )A forum for marginalized section of the society: The main stream media is catering to the need of affluent in the society. The marginalized section of society is hardly finding place in the main stream media. The voice and problems of the socially weaker class is unreported and unrepresented. Here alternative media can play an important role in highlighting the problems of poor and marginalized communities. The small community ne wspapers, community radio, television broadcast blogs, posters etc. can help the people overcome neglect by mainstream media to highlight the atrocities, faults in bureaucratic and other institutional setup.Marie Trigona, in his book â€Å"Argentina's Community Media Fights for Access and Legal Reform†, she explores Argentine groups that have emerged to produce alternative and independent media for television, radio and video in an effort to counter lack of access to marginalized communities in mass media. 3)Global public sphere: The world is shrinking and the nation state boundaries have disappeared in the contemporary societies. Any issue that is related with a particular country might become global within no time, curtsy new media. This is not merely a hypothesis but global reality.One of the biggest examples is â€Å"Batti Band Campaign†, such was the impact of this campaign that through out the world people came out in support of it and now it is a global phenomen on. And this is not the only example of this type there are many examples where global opinion was generated in support of many campaigns and world governments were forced to accept global opinion. This is how new technologies have reinvigorated a sense of transnational public sphere and strengthened global civil organizations movements and provided platform for sub cultural groups and common man. )Free expression and social activism: Alternative media is playing an important role in social learning process by providing easily accessible content to common man. In many developing and developed countries it is working as agents of social change. Denis Mc Quails in his democratic media participant theory suggests that media content should not be controlled by the Government Institutions and political organizations. Members of Civil Society should have their own media and it must promote the interest of common man.This can be achieved only when we have multiple sources of information an d communication where one can easily access and disseminate information. Recently in India, a controversy involving a union minister and a commissioner of a government body, started off from a social network site twitter, and within no time public opinion was formed. The public opinion was so strong that government accepted resignation of minister and the commissioner was forced to step-down. This shows the strength of the new media and the public opinion generated through it.Now no government can neglect opinion of civil society. Alternative Media and Youth No country can deny the importance of youth in nation building process. The involvement and participation of youth in decision making process not only strengthen the democratic process but also contributes to their personal development. In India, almost 55% population comes under this category who is also frequent users of new media technologies. The world’s youth population, Ages 15to 24, will become more and more concen trated in Africa and Asia.By 2050, the number of youth will have risen from just under a half billion in 1950 to 1. 2 billion. According to a recent study done by the Internet ; Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), there are 471 million mobile phone subscribers, out of which 127 million have their own Internet ready mobile device. But of these 127 million users who have mobile phones with Internet capability, only 12 million have used the Internet on their devices and the number of active mobile Internet users is just 2 million.But â€Å"industry experts† quoted on Business Standard claim that there are over 500 million mobile phone subscribers and due to the decline in prices of Internet-enabled handsets, there are about 10 million mobile phone Internet surfers, much more than the 2 million reported by the IAMAI. This shows the potential of this media and those who are using it are mainly youth in all parts of the world. Not only this, the change brought in by the technology has given youth many different tools for content generation.One of the most important tolls is mobile phone which is used for video, audio, still photo recording and putting them on internet using various social network sites like twitter, U tube, face book etc. The information reaches to millions of users across the globe and global opinion is generated on various issues of public interest. In Indian universities, youth devote a lot of time for content generation and dissemination. In the study conducted in three universities of India following conclusions were drawn: Table 1 Time devoted for internet surfing 0-1 hour1-2 hour2-3 hour3-4 hourMore than 4 hourMale1832602515 Female2654401515 Total44861004030 Surveys conducted in several countries in the world show that the internet addiction in on rise. In China the number of young Internet addicts had soared to 24 million by 2009, almost double the figure for 2005, It is very much evident from the data that youth particularly in the Indian university have been devoting a lot of time in content generation and dissemination on internet. Overall, 71 million users accessed Internet in year 2009, with 52 Million â€Å"active† users who accessed it atleast once in a month.If we look at global users on internet India is on 4th position but it may change very soon the moment it will reach to the rural population of the India. PositionCountryInternet Users Million 1USA220 2CHINA210 3JAPAN88. 1 4INDIA81 5BRAZIL53 ( Source: Internet ; Mobile Association of India(IAMAI) and IMRB. ) In India the growth of internet is mainly in urban centers and school ; college students itself contribute to more than 44% of all Internet usage that happens in India – Overall 72% of young people access Internet on regular basis. Table 2 Most popular tool for content generation Video cameraRecorderStill ameraMobile phone Male1068126 Female446136 Total141014262 Mobile is the most popular medium for content generation. Not only is that mobile a very popular mode of internet surfing among youth in India but the trend is more or less same across the globe. The Opera Mini, most widely downloaded mobile application has released the number of Mobile Internet usage.The report is quite significant in terms of mobile internet usage in the world. Following are the top 05 countries in Opera Mini Usage: 1. Russia 2. Indonesia 3. India 4. China 5. Ukraine ( Source: Internet ; Mobile Association of India(IAMAI) and IMRB. Table 3 Most preferred medium for news and entertainment TVRadioNewspaperInternetFilm Male2515207515 Female2636245410 Total51514412925 The information and communication behavior of the students have shown significant change in regard to the medium they use for news and entertainment. In a research study conducted by World Association of Newspapers (WNA) on Decoding Youth as News ; Information Consumers found that young people are spending less time with traditional media and more with new media. Same is t he conclusion drawn in the data mentioned in the table three. Young participants said that usage of new media (i. e. , computers, mobile phones, the internet, and MP3 players) is increasingly taking up time participants would have spent with traditional media, though this time is obviously restricted in countries where the digital divide remains a strong barrier. Despite this, many participants say they would like to spend more time with newspapers and other traditional sources of information. Contrary to stereotype, many young participants remained respectful of traditional information sources and few dismiss them as obsolete. † (Source: World Association of Newspapers)Table 4 University students are actively participating in campaigns promoted through social network websites YesNo Male9555 Female46104 Total141159 The data shown above clearly indicating that youth is engaged in social reformation with the help of alternative media. Social Networking Sites (SNS) are young peop le? s spaces – and engaging with young people here is meeting young people where they are at. The recent example of Batti Band Campaign that got momentum through the SNS is one of the many examples where young ones created awareness and it is now a well established campaign.There are many other cases in India which generated and garnered a lot of public response and support through social networking sites. Ruchika Girihotra, Jessica Lal, Nitish katara, etc. are some of the cases that are highlighted through these websites and ultimately proved to be a very strong campaign which generated a huge support for victim’s family and put pressure on the state authorities to act for justice. Table 5 Do you think alternative media has changed your information and entertainment behavior YesNo Male12624 Female13020 Total25644Youth information behavior is a complex process of interplays among various factors, such as young people’s cognitive status, identity formation and va lue negotiation, and social interaction within a context. Here the data indicates that youth in India has significantly changed their information and entertainment behavior. More than 85 % of the samples were of the opinion that they have witnessed significant change in their media content consumption. The new media has taken over from the traditional media which includes radio and television.On the basis of the analysis of data collected with the help of interview schedule the following conclusions can be drawn: 1)Youth in India is spending a lot of time using internet and other alternative means of communication. The main stream media will have a tough competition in the form of alternative media. 2)Internet is the most popular medium among youth and mobile phones are the most preferred medium for content generation and uploading of data. 3)Social networking sites have become a very important platform for common man.The social issues raised with the help of the social networking s ites are getting good response from the netizens and global public opinion is very easily formed. 4)The global civil society has found a new and alternative platform for raising their voices. Alternative means of communication have become a very strong tool to form global opinion. Now the local governments are finding it difficult to stop the flow of information. 5)The world is now fast becoming multi polar and multiple sources of communication in the form of small and alternative media have given a strong platform to the marginalized communities and socially deprived class. )It is very much evident from this study that mobile phone is the most popular medium for content generation and dissemination of information among youth in India. They upload data to various social networking sites and actively participating in the social campaigns promoted through it.Reference: 1)Kaldor Mary, Global Civil Society, 2007/08 2)Tufte Thomas, Youth engaging with the World: Media, Communication and Social Change, The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media’s Yearbook 2009. 3)The Hindu, Role of Alternative Media Stressed, 2010. )TOI, Friday, June19, 2009, Editorial. 5)Trigona Marie’ Alternative media is alive and well all over Latin America. (Argentina), 2009. 6)Casey Bernadette and others, Key Concepts in Television Studies, Routledge, Newyork. 7)Rayner philip, Media Studies, Routledge, Newyork. 8)Branston Gill, The Media Students’ Book, Routledge, Newyork. 9)Waisanen Don J, A citizen’s guide to democracy inaction, Southern Communication Journal, Volume 74/Number 2/April-June 2009 10) world population data sheet 2009. 134 Million 11% Asia/ Pacific